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Chalkidian League
The Chalkidian League ((ギリシア語:Κοινόν τῶν Χαλκιδέων), "''Koinon'' of the Chalkideans" or Olynthians〔In Greek and Roman historiography, during this period, ''Olynthians'' refers mainly to the League, rather the citizens of Olynthus (see Justin 7.4.6)〕 or 〔(IG II² 36 )〕 Chalcidians in Thrace to distinguish them from Chalcidians in Euboea)〔Chalcis-in-Euboea, iron and Chalcidians abroad By S. C. Bakhuizen, R. Kreulen (Page 14 ) ISBN 90-04-04546-5 (1976)〕 was a federal state that existed on the shores of the north west Aegean from around 430 BCE until it was destroyed by Philip II of Macedon in 348 BCE.〔(Philip’s Destruction of Olynthus )〕
==History==
In 432 BCE Olynthos broke away from Athens. Along with several other cities, some form of united state was formed with Olynthos. Exactly what form it took is a matter of academic dispute.〔Agesilaos , P Cartledge p268〕 By the terms of the Peace of Nicias of 421 BCE, Athens and Sparta agreed that it should be broken up but it seems clear that Athens failed to enforce this.〔 However, because the Chalkidike was no longer the arena of conflict between Athens and Sparta, nothing is heard of it from that time until 393 BCE.
In 393, Amyntas III of Macedon temporarily transferred some territory to Olynthos during a period when he was driven out of Macedon by Illyrians. It was restored when Amyntas regained power. Eight years later, Amyntas again in trouble handed over territory, this time to the league. The League were not so ready to return what they held which now included Pella the capital of Macedonia.〔Agesilaos , P Cartledge p. 269〕 In 383 BCE, Amyntas appealed to Sparta and at the same time a similar appeal came from Akanthos and Apollonia, two League members who claimed that that membership of the League was not voluntary but enforced at the point of a sword.〔Historians History of the World, Editor: Henry Smith Williams vol 4 pp129-30〕 Sparta was keen to respond to the request. Amongst Sparta's allies there was no animosity against the Chalkidian League. Nevertheless, when the question was put, fear of annoying Sparta ensured that the proposal was carried. A force of 10,000 was authorized to be sent.〔HISTORY OF GREECE, G Grote, 1862 vol9 p49〕 An advance force of 2,000 was sent under Eudamidas which succeeded in separating Potidaea from the League.〔(Xenophon, Hellenica 5.2 )〕
The fighting was long and arduous.〔Agesilaos , P Cartledge p271〕 Teleutias, the half brother of the Spartan king, Agesilaos (or Agesilaus II), was killed and King Agesipolis suffered heavy losses before dying of fever.〔Agesilaos , P Cartledge p373-4〕 However, in 379 BCE the cities of the former League became "autonomous" and subject allies of Sparta.〔Agesilaos , P Cartledge p272〕 Freeman regards the Spartan dissolution of the League as one of the most "calamitous events" in Hellenic history for, in his view, the League uniting the northern Greek cities with the most hellenised cities of Macedonia would have prevented the rise of Philip II of Macedon,〔History of federal government, Edward Augustus Freeman, p. 191〕 who later destroyed the Chalkidian League.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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